Herrera, Gioconda; Gómez, Carmen

Introduction: emergent issues of South American migrations

LEXTN-153789-01-Herrera.pdf (511.43 KB)

From 2000 onwards, the region witnessed an important growth of forced migration, particularly from Colombia. They were fleeing from social and political violence that has not ceased. In addition, from 2010 on, Caribbean migration from Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic started arriving in countries it had never reached before, and migration from Asia and Africa increasingly arrived in the region through various means. More recently, the Venezuelan exodus to the whole continent encapsulated the new complexity of migration patterns in South America. Indeed, Venezuelan migration was massive and responded to multiple drivers, from economic scarcity to social violence.

Stefoni, Carolina; Stang, Fernanda y Rojas, Pablo

Extractive economy and mobilities. The case og large copper mining in the Antofagasta region

LEXTN-153789-02-Stefoni.pdf (593.04 KB)

We are interested in identifying the different types of mobilities that take place, and how they are related to the development of mining in northern Chile, specifically in the Antofagasta region, since it is an economic activity that has been historically linked to the arrival of workers from different places and countries. Indeed, mining represents, on average, more than 57% of the economic activity in the Antofagasta region, sometimes reaching 65%. Its importance at the national level is evident, as it generates more than 45% of the country%u2019s mining Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and contributes 25% to 30% of total exports at the national level (GORE Antofagasta).

Álvarez Velasco, Soledad

Between hostility and solidarity: the production of the andean region-couthern cone transit migratory corridor

LEXTN-153789-03-Alvarez.pdf (569.97 KB)

I met Angela, a 27-year-old Dominican migrant, in November 2015 in Quito. We used to get together to have coffee and talk about life at a bakery located a couple of blocks from her job. 6 months after we met, via WhatsApp, she extended this invitation: "Let's have coffee at my place. My address: three blocks south from the Santa Clara Market you will find a tall wine-coloured building, third floor, apartment 301. If you get lost just ask for the Edificio de los Migrantes [the Migrant Building]. Anyone will guide you."

Gómez, Carmen; Herrera, Gioconda

State and "mixed migration": migration policies towards haitians, colombians and venezuelans in Ecuador

LEXTN-153789-04-Gomez.pdf (425.1 KB)

As it was mentioned in the introduction to this book, the South American migration landscape has undergone important changes in the last 20 years, and new patterns of immigration have emerged. For example, migrants who usually looked northwards, such as Haitians, started to come southwards, to places like Brazil, Chile or Ecuador; countries that traditionally host migrants are beginning to experience massive flows of emigration, such as Venezuela; and transit states are increasingly common among people on the move, with many migrants now undertaking long journeys before settling in one place after leaving their country of origin.

Tonhati, Tania; Cavalcanti, Leonardo y Oliveira, Antonio Tadeu de

A decade of growth in migration in Brazil (2010-2020) an the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

LEXTN-153789-05-Tonhati.pdf (530.06 KB)

This chapter examines new migration flows to Brazil over the last 10 years and their relationship with changes in migration policies. The dynamics of migratory flows to Brazil between 2010 and 2020 have relocated the country in the global scenario of contemporary migration. The international economic crisis that began in 2007 in the United States, which also affected Europe and Japan, introduced greater complexity to the Latin American migratory phenomenon. It led to an increase in human mobility among south-to-south countries, and it placed Brazil as a destination country. Unlike migration flows in the late nineteenth century up to the 1930s, where most of the migrants were from the Global North (particularly Europe), in the last decade there has been an increase in migrants from the Global South: Haitians, Venezuelans, Bolivians, Senegalese, Congolese, Angolans, Cubans, Bengalis, Syrians, and Pakistanis, among others.

Moya, Jennifer; Sánchez Bautista, Consuelo y Pugh, Jeffrey D.

Contradictions and shifts in discourse and application of the refugee system in a mixed-mgration context: the ecuadorian case

LEXTN-153789-06-Moya.pdf (610.35 KB)

The refugee system in the Americas is codified in instruments like the Refugee Convention and Protocol, the Cartagena Declaration, the Mexico Action Plan and Brazil Declaration, and implementing legislation within member states. However, there is a widely recognized gap between institutional rights protections and implementation in practice. This chapter traces the case of forced migration in Ecuador- especially of Colombians and Venezuelans-to advance the argument that the conceptualization and application of the refugee system has shifted considerably over the past decade as the boundaries that separate refugees from other migrants in discourse, policy, and practice have blurred.

Berg, Ulla D.; Pérez Martínez, Lucía

The legality of (Im)mobility: migration, coyoterismo, and indigenous justice in south Ecuador

LEXTN-153789-07-Berg.pdf (469.15 KB)

In the past decade, migration and mobility trends in South America have become increasingly complex and multi-directional. Migration to the United States remains a key feature in Latin America; however, intraregional migration within South America itself has grown significantly due to economic crises and political instability, violence and conflict, and environmental and climate change (IOM, 2019). The ongoing political and economic crisis in Venezuela is the most acute example of this tendency; a crisis which has displaced an estimated five million Venezuelans to the entire subcontinent. The subcontinent has also seen an increase in transit migrants from other parts of the world, including Africa and Asia, heading towards the United States.

Blouin, Cécile; Zamora Gómez, Cristina

Institutional and social xenophobia towards venezuelan migrants in the context of a radicalized country: the case of Peru

LEXTN-153789-08-Blouin.pdf (471.51 KB)

Until 2015, Peru did not recognize itself as a migrant-receiving country (Busse & Vasquez Luque, 2016). Although Peru, like other countries the region, has faced many changes in migration patterns including transit migration from Haiti, the selfperception as a country of emigrants was still predominant until the onset of Venezuelan migration in 2016 (Alvarez Velasco, 2020; Busse & Vasquez Luque, 2016; Lausent-Herrera, 2009). Venezuelan migrants fleeing from humanitarian, political, and socioeconomic crises have predominantly migrated within South America and especially to Peru and Colombia, the two principals%u2019 recipients with almost 1.2 million and 1 million Venezuelan migrants, respectively (UNHCR, 2021).

Tijoux Merino, María Emilia; Ambiado Cortés, Constanza

When migrant pain does not deserve attention: institutional racism in Chile

LEXTN-153789-09-Tijoux.pdf (352.99 KB)

The analysis of institutional racism and its links to the abuse of immigrants requires analyzing "race" and racism, concepts seldom used in research on contemporary immigration in Chile. These concepts have, better yet, been resisted and replaced by euphemisms, such as "exclusion", "discrimination", or "criminalization". In view of this and due to the frequent abuses that migrants experience, our research has focused for several years on the forms and manifestations that anti-immigrant racism has acquired in Chile. The centering of racism in the analysis of immigration is an urgent task, especially as the current government implements migration policies that seek to "put the house in order" (Cooperativa.cl, 2018; EFE, 2021).

Caggiano, Sergio

Inequalities and the social process of categorizing: migrant work in Argentina

LEXTN-153789-10-Caggiano.pdf (418.62 KB)

Migrant associations, like other social organizations, generally form around social categories. As migration objectifies nationality (Sayad, 1998), national categories are often the touchstone of these associations. On other occasions, being a migrant- regardless of one's country of origin-becomes relevant in and of itself, allowing diverse national identities to converge. Though it may not be exceedingly common, in cases of labor migration, the category of "workers" can also become the principal motivation for getting organized and fighting for rights. In recent years, as the prevalence of women migrants has received attention, organizations specifically targeting migrant women have formed. The demands expressed by these women's associations are related to the inequalities their members face, inequalities that are approached as the offshoots of two categories-woman and migrant-without questioning the inequalities themselves.